The Cummings & Cummings Law Journal

Understanding the Importance of a Non-Circumvention Agreement In the realm of joint ventures, particularly those involving intricate business dealings, a non-circumvention agreement serves as a critical legal instrument. This agreement is designed to protect the interests of parties involved by preventing one party from bypassing the other to engage directly with third parties. The significance

Understanding the Concept of a Search Fund A search fund is a unique investment vehicle designed to finance the acquisition of a company by an entrepreneur, often referred to as an “entrepreneur through acquisition” (ETA). This model allows aspiring business owners to leverage the expertise and capital of investors to acquire and manage a company.

Understanding the Tax Implications of a Company Car Policy When a business decides to offer a company car policy, it must carefully consider the tax implications involved. A company car policy can be an attractive benefit for employees, but it also comes with complex tax considerations that require meticulous planning and execution. The provision of

Significant Legal Developments under the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (H.R. 1 – OBBBA 2025) On July 3, 2025, Congress enacted H.R. 1, the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (“OBBBA”), a landmark bill subsequently signed into law by President Donald J. Trump. This sweeping legislation introduces remarkable, practical changes across the federal tax code, estate

Understanding the Dynamics of a Constrained Board of Directors In a venture-backed startup, the board of directors plays a pivotal role in shaping the strategic direction and governance of the company. However, when the board is constrained, either by size, diversity, or expertise, managing it effectively becomes a complex task. A constrained board often arises

Understanding the Role of the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) plays a pivotal role in facilitating international trade and investment by providing a framework for resolving disputes through arbitration. As a globally recognized institution, the ICC offers a set of arbitration rules that are widely used in international contracts.

Understanding FIRPTA: An Overview The Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act (FIRPTA) is a complex piece of legislation that governs the taxation of foreign individuals and entities involved in U.S. real property transactions. Enacted in 1980, FIRPTA aims to ensure that foreign investors pay U.S. taxes on the gains derived from their real estate

Establish a Separate Legal Entity One of the most effective ways to protect personal assets from business lawsuits is by establishing a separate legal entity. This involves creating a business structure that is distinct from your personal identity. Common structures include corporations and limited liability companies (LLCs). By forming a corporation or LLC, you create

Understanding the Non-Granter Irrevocable Trust Establishing a non-granter irrevocable trust is a sophisticated strategy for managing legacy assets, designed to provide both asset protection and tax advantages. Unlike revocable trusts, which allow the grantor to retain control and make changes, an irrevocable trust requires the grantor to relinquish ownership and control over the assets placed

Understanding State Registration for Pooled Investment Funds Managing the state registration for pooled investment funds is a multifaceted process that requires a detailed understanding of both federal and state regulations. Pooled investment funds, often structured as hedge funds, private equity funds, or venture capital funds, are subject to a complex web of legal requirements. These

Understanding the Importance of Affirmative Action Plans for Federal Contractors Affirmative Action Plans (AAPs) are a critical component for federal contractors, designed to promote equal employment opportunities and eliminate discrimination in the workplace. These plans are not merely a bureaucratic requirement; they are a legal obligation under Executive Order 11246, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973,

Understanding Unrelated Business Taxable Income (UBTI) Unrelated Business Taxable Income (UBTI) is a complex and often misunderstood concept that can significantly impact retirement accounts. It arises when a tax-exempt entity, such as an Individual Retirement Account (IRA) or a 401(k), earns income from a business activity that is unrelated to its primary purpose. This income

Understanding the Concept of a Universal Successor The term universal successor is a pivotal concept in civil law jurisdictions, yet it is often misunderstood by laypeople. A universal successor is an individual or entity that inherits the entire estate of a deceased person, including both assets and liabilities. This concept is distinct from a particular

Understanding the Tax Implications of Converting 1099 Contractors to W-2 Employees Mid-Year The transition from classifying workers as 1099 contractors to W-2 employees mid-year is a decision fraught with significant tax implications. Employers often underestimate the complexities involved in this process, which can lead to costly mistakes. It is essential to understand the nuances of

Understanding Bankruptcy Remote Entities In the intricate world of securitization, the concept of a bankruptcy remote entity stands as a cornerstone. These entities are structured to minimize the risk of bankruptcy, thereby protecting the interests of investors. A bankruptcy remote entity is typically a special purpose vehicle (SPV) that is legally distinct from the parent

Understanding the Basics of a Loan Agreement Drafting a loan agreement is a complex task that requires a thorough understanding of both legal and financial principles. A loan agreement is a legally binding document that outlines the terms and conditions under which a loan is provided. It is essential to ensure that every detail is

Understanding Dividend Reinvestment Plans (DRIPs) A Dividend Reinvestment Plan (DRIP) is a financial strategy that allows investors to reinvest their cash dividends into additional shares or fractional shares of the underlying stock. This mechanism is particularly appealing for businesses seeking to leverage their existing investments for financing purposes. By reinvesting dividends, companies can capitalize on

Understanding the Basics of a Cross Option Agreement A cross option agreement, often referred to as a “double option” agreement, is a strategic tool used in estate planning for family businesses. It is designed to ensure the smooth transition of business ownership upon the death or incapacitation of a business owner. This agreement is particularly

Understanding the Concept of Intellectual Property Spin-Outs Intellectual property (IP) spin-outs represent a strategic maneuver employed by businesses to separate specific IP assets from their core operations. This process involves transferring IP assets to a new or existing subsidiary, often with the aim of fostering innovation, attracting investment, or mitigating risks associated with the parent